Proto-Rigidity

نویسنده

Jussi Haukioja

چکیده

It is often claimed that Kripke (1980) and Putnam (1975) established that many predicates, most importantly natural kind predicates, are like proper names in being rigid designators. This insight is generally regarded as having important consequences in the theory of necessary truths: the rigidity of terms such as 'Hesperus', 'Phosphorus', 'water' and 'H 2 O' is used in explaining why identity statements such as 'Hesperus is Phosphorus' and 'Water is H 2 O' are necessary (a posteriori) truths, provided they are true in the actual world. Given the widespread agreement that the notion of rigidity does all of this theoretical work, it is surprising that there is no agreement on what it is for a predicate or a general term to be rigid. Kripke, who introduced the notion, gives a definition of rigidity only for singular terms, 1 and its extension to cover general terms and predicates has proved difficult in practice. In the case of singular terms, rigid designation can be characterised as sameness of reference or sameness of extension across possible worlds: proper names, Kripke has taught us, are rigid because they designate the same individual in all possible worlds (in which the individual exists). The necessity of identity statements between proper names follows quite straightforwardly: if two proper names designate the same individual in the actual world,

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